Abakoresha benshi bazi ko hejuru ya 250 ° C, amanota ya duplex ashobora guterwa no gusama biterwa no kwangirika kwa spinodal.Ariko 250 ° C ni imipaka ntarengwa?Ni izihe ngaruka zo kwerekana igihe kandi gukora lean na super duplex bitwara ukundi?

Ibintu bigarukira kurwego rwo gukora

Porogaramu isanzwe isaba ibikoresho bya duplex kugirango ihure nubushyuhe bwo hejuru ni imiyoboro yumuvuduko, ibyuma bifata ibyuma / ibyuma byangiza cyangwa gaze ya gaze ya gaze.Ibisabwa kubintu bifatika birashobora gutangirira kumbaraga zikomeye zikoreshwa mukurwanya ruswa. Ibigize imiti yibyiciro byaganiriweho muriki kiganiro biri mu mbonerahamwe ya 1.

Kwangirika kwa spinodal

Kwangirika kwa spinodal (nanone kwitwa demixing cyangwa amateka nka 475 ° C-embrittlement) ni ubwoko bwo gutandukanya icyiciro mugice cya ferritic, kibaho mubushyuhe bugera kuri 475 ° C.Ingaruka zigaragara cyane ni ihinduka rya microstructure, bigatuma habaho gushiraho α´ icyiciro, bikavamo kwinjiza ibikoresho.Ibi, bigabanya imikorere yibicuruzwa byanyuma.
Igishushanyo cya 1 cyerekana ubushyuhe bwigihe (TTT) igishushanyo cyibikoresho bya duplex byizwe, hamwe no kubora spinodal bigaragarira mukarere ka 475 ° C.Twabibutsa ko iki gishushanyo cya TTT kigaragaza igabanuka ryubukomezi bwa 50% bipimwa nigeragezwa ryingaruka ku ngero za Charpy-V, ubusanzwe byemerwa nkikimenyetso cyo gukuramo.Mubisabwa bimwe kugabanuka gukomeye birashobora kwemerwa, bihindura imiterere yishusho ya TTT.Kubwibyo, icyemezo cyo gushyiraho OT ntarengwa ntarengwa biterwa nicyo gifatwa nkurwego rwemewe rwo kwinjizwa ni ukuvuga kugabanya ubukana kubicuruzwa byanyuma.Twabibutsa ko amateka ya TTT-igishushanyo nacyo cyakozwe hifashishijwe imbibi zashyizweho, nka 27J.

Amanota yo hejuru

Igishushanyo 1 kirerekana ko kwiyongera kwibintu biva mu cyiciro LDX 2101 bigana ku cyiciro cya SDX 2507 biganisha ku gipimo cyangirika vuba, mu gihe duplex yerekana ko itinze gutangira kubora.Ingaruka z'ibintu bivangavanze nka chromium (Cr) na nikel (Ni) ku kubora kwa spinodal no kubitsa byagaragaye n'iperereza ryabanje.5-8 Izi ngaruka zongeye kugaragara mu gishushanyo cya 2. Irerekana ko kubora spinodal byiyongera iyo ubushyuhe yongerewe kuva kuri 300 kugeza kuri 350 ° C kandi irihuta cyane kurwego rwohejuru rwoherejwe SDX 2507 kuruta kuri DX 2205.
Uku gusobanukirwa kurashobora kuba ingenzi mugufasha abakiriya guhitamo kuri OT ntarengwa ibereye amanota bahisemo hamwe nibisabwa.

Kugena ubushyuhe ntarengwa

Nkuko byavuzwe mbere, OT ntarengwa kubintu bya duplex irashobora gushyirwaho ukurikije igabanuka ryemewe ryingaruka zikomeye.Mubisanzwe, OT ihuye nagaciro ka 50% kugabanya ubukana byemewe.

OT biterwa na temp & igihe

Umusozi uri murizo wumurongo uri ku gishushanyo cya TTT ku gishushanyo cya 1 werekana ko kubora spinodal bitabaho gusa ku bushyuhe bumwe kandi bigahagarara munsi yurwo rwego.Ahubwo, ni inzira ihoraho mugihe ibikoresho bya duplex bihuye nubushyuhe bwo gukora munsi ya 475 ° C.Biragaragara ariko kandi ko, kubera igipimo cyo hasi cyo gukwirakwizwa, ubushyuhe bwo hasi bivuze ko kubora bizatangira nyuma bikagenda buhoro.Kubwibyo, gukoresha ibikoresho bya duplex mubushyuhe buke ntibishobora gutera ibibazo mumyaka cyangwa imyaka mirongo.Nyamara kuri ubu hariho imyumvire yo gushyiraho OT ntarengwa utitaye kumwanya wo kwerekana.Ikibazo cyingenzi rero ni ubuhe bushyuhe-igihe cyo guhuza bigomba gukoreshwa kugirango uhitemo niba ari byiza gukoresha ibikoresho cyangwa bidakwiye?Herzman n'abandi.10 bavuga muri make iki kibazo neza: “… Imikoreshereze noneho izagarukira gusa ku bushyuhe aho kinetika yo gusenya iba mike ku buryo bitazabaho mu gihe cya tekiniki cyateguwe ku bicuruzwa…”.

Ingaruka zo gusudira

Porogaramu nyinshi zikoresha gusudira kugirango zihuze ibice.Birazwi neza ko microstructure ya weld hamwe na chimie yayo itandukanye nibintu fatizo 3.Ukurikije ibikoresho byuzuza, tekinike yo gusudira hamwe nibipimo byo gusudira, microstructure ya weld itandukanye cyane nibintu byinshi.Microstructure isanzwe ari coarser, kandi ibi birimo na zone yubushyuhe bwo hejuru yubushyuhe (HTHAZ), bigira ingaruka kubora kwa spinodal muri weldment.Itandukaniro rya microstructure hagati yubwinshi no gusudira ni ingingo yasuzumwe hano.

Incamake yibintu bigabanya

Ibice byabanjirije biganisha ku myanzuro ikurikira:

• Ibikoresho byose bya duplex birakenewe
  kubora spinodal kubushyuhe bugera kuri 475 ° C.
• Ukurikije ibivanze, igipimo cyihuta cyangwa gitinda giteganijwe.Ibiri hejuru ya Cr na Ni biteza imbere byihuse.
• Gushiraho ubushyuhe ntarengwa bwo gukora:
  - Ihuriro ryigihe cyo gukora nubushyuhe bigomba gusuzumwa.
  - Urwego rwemewe rwo kugabanuka mubukomere, ni ukuvuga urwego rwifuzwa rwo gukomera rugomba gushyirwaho
• Iyo hiyongereyeho microstructural ibice, nka weld, byatangijwe, OT ntarengwa igenwa nigice gikomeye.

Ibipimo ngenderwaho ku isi

Ibipimo byinshi byu Burayi n’Amerika byasuzumwe kuri uyu mushinga.Bibanze ku gusaba mu bikoresho byotswa igitutu n'ibikoresho byo kuvoma.Muri rusange, itandukaniro ryerekeye OT isabwa ntarengwa mu bipimo byasuzumwe birashobora kugabanywa mu Burayi no muri Amerika.
Ibipimo ngenderwaho byiburayi byerekana ibyuma bidafite ingese (urugero: EN 10028-7, EN 10217-7) bivuze ko OT ntarengwa ya 250 ° C bitewe nuko ibintu bitangwa kugeza kuri ubu bushyuhe.Byongeye kandi, ibipimo byuburayi byubushakashatsi bwubwato bwumuvuduko no kuvoma (EN 13445 na EN 13480,) ntibitanga andi makuru yerekeye OT ntarengwa uhereye kubitangwa mubipimo byabo.
Ibinyuranye, ibikoresho byabanyamerika bisobanurwa (urugero ASME SA-240 ya ASME igice cya II-A) ntabwo byerekana amakuru yubushyuhe bwo hejuru.Aya makuru ahubwo yatanzwe muri ASME igice cya II-D, 'Indangabintu', ishyigikira amategeko rusange yubwubatsi bwamato, ASME igice cya VIII-1 na VIII-2 (icya nyuma gitanga inzira nziza yo gushushanya).Muri ASME II-D, OT ntarengwa ivugwa neza nka 316 ° C kubintu byinshi bya duplex.
Kubisabwa byingutu, amategeko yubushakashatsi hamwe nibintu byatanzwe muri ASME B31.3.Muri iyi code, amakuru yubukanishi atangwa kuri duplex alloys kugeza kuri 316 ° C nta magambo asobanutse ya OT ntarengwa.Nubwo bimeze bityo, urashobora gusobanura amakuru kugirango ukurikize ibyanditswe muri ASME II-D, bityo, OT ntarengwa kubipimo byabanyamerika ni 316 ° C.
Usibye amakuru menshi ya OT, ibipimo byabanyamerika nu Burayi byerekana ko hari ibyago byo guhura nubushyuhe ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru (> 250 ° C) mugihe kirekire, ibyo rero bigomba gusuzumwa haba mubishushanyo mbonera ndetse na serivisi.
Kubasudira, ibipimo byinshi ntabwo bitanga ibisobanuro bihamye ku ngaruka zo kwangirika kwa spinodal.Nyamara, ibipimo bimwe na bimwe (urugero ASME VIII-1, Imbonerahamwe UHA 32-4) byerekana ko bishoboka gukora ubushyuhe bwihariye nyuma yo gusudira.Ibi ntibisabwa cyangwa ntibibujijwe, ariko mugihe kubikora bigomba gukorwa ukurikije ibipimo byateganijwe mbere mubisanzwe.

Ibyo inganda zivuga

Amakuru yakozwe nabandi benshi bakora duplex idafite ibyuma byasubiwemo kugirango barebe icyo bavugana kubyerekeranye nubushyuhe bwamanota yabo.2205 igarukira kuri 315 ° C na ATI, ariko Acerinox ishyiraho OT kurwego rumwe kuri 250 ° C.Izi nizo mbibi zo hejuru no hepfo ya OT kumanota 2205, mugihe hagati yabo izindi OT zimenyeshwa na Aperam (300 ° C), Sandvik (280 ° C) na ArcelorMittal (280 ° C).Ibi birerekana ikwirakwizwa rya OTs ntarengwa kurwego rumwe gusa ruzaba rufite ibintu bigereranywa cyane kuva mubukora kugeza kubabikora.
Inyuma yibitekerezo byimpamvu uwabikoze yashyizeho OT runaka ntabwo buri gihe ahishurwa.Mu bihe byinshi, ibi bishingiye ku gipimo kimwe cyihariye.Ibipimo bitandukanye bivugana OT zitandukanye, bityo gukwirakwiza indangagaciro.Umwanzuro wumvikana ni uko amasosiyete y'Abanyamerika ashyiraho agaciro gakomeye bitewe n’ibivugwa mu gipimo cya ASME, mu gihe amasosiyete yo mu Burayi yashyizeho agaciro gake bitewe na EN.

Abakiriya bakeneye iki?

Ukurikije porogaramu yanyuma, imitwaro itandukanye hamwe no kwerekana ibikoresho biteganijwe.Muri uyu mushinga, kwinjiza bitewe no kubora kwa spinodal byari bishimishije cyane kuko birakoreshwa cyane kumitsi.
Ariko, hariho porogaramu zitandukanye zerekana amanota ya duplex kumuzigo uciriritse gusa, nka scrubbers11-15.Ikindi cyifuzo cyari kijyanye na blade nabafana, bahura nuburemere bwumunaniro.Ubuvanganzo bwerekana ko kubora spinodal kwitwara bitandukanye mugihe umutwaro wumunaniro ushyizwe15.Kuri iki cyiciro, biragaragara ko OT ntarengwa yiyi porogaramu idashobora gushyirwaho kimwe nubwato bwumuvuduko.
Ikindi cyiciro cyibisabwa ni kubisaba gusa ibijyanye na ruswa, nka gaz scrubbers yo mu nyanja.Muri ibi bihe, kurwanya ruswa ni ngombwa kuruta kugabanuka kwa OT munsi yumutwaro wa mashini.Nyamara, ibyo bintu byombi bigira ingaruka kumikorere yibicuruzwa byanyuma, bigomba kwitabwaho mugihe byerekana OT ntarengwa.Na none, uru rubanza rutandukanye nimanza ebyiri zabanjirije iyi.
Muri rusange, mugihe ugisha inama umukiriya wa OT ikwiye ntarengwa ya duplex yabo, ubwoko bwa progaramu ningirakamaro cyane mugushiraho agaciro.Ibi birerekana kandi bigoye gushyiraho OT imwe kumanota, nkibidukikije aho ibikoresho byakoreshejwe bigira ingaruka zikomeye kubikorwa byo gutwika.

Nubuhe bushyuhe ntarengwa bwo gukora kuri duplex?

Nkuko byavuzwe, ubushyuhe ntarengwa bwo gukora bushyirwaho na kinetics yo hasi cyane ya spinodal decomposition.Ariko twapima dute ubu bushyuhe kandi mubyukuri "kinetics nkeya" niki?Igisubizo cyikibazo cya mbere kiroroshye.Tumaze kuvuga ko gupima ubukana bikunze gukorwa kugirango tugereranye igipimo niterambere ryangirika.Ibi byashyizwe mubipimo bikurikirwa nababikora benshi.
Ikibazo cya kabiri, kubisobanuro byerekanwa na kinetics nkeya nagaciro dushyizeho imipaka yubushyuhe iraruhije.Ibi ni igice kuva imipaka yubushyuhe ntarengwa yakusanyirijwe hamwe nubushyuhe ntarengwa (T) ubwabwo nigihe cyo gukora (t) hejuru yubushyuhe bukomeza.Kwemeza iyi Tt ihuza, ibisobanuro bitandukanye byubukomezi “bwo hasi” birashobora gukoreshwa:

• Imipaka yo hepfo, yashyizweho mumateka kandi irashobora gukoreshwa kubudozi ni 27 Joules (J)
• Mubipimo ahanini 40J yashyizweho nkurugero.
Kugabanuka kwa 50% mubukomere bwambere nabwo bukoreshwa kenshi mugushiraho imipaka yo hepfo.

Ibi bivuze ko ibisobanuro kuri OT ntarengwa bigomba gushingira byibuze ku bitekerezo bitatu byumvikanyweho:

• Ubushyuhe-igihe cyo kwerekana ibicuruzwa byanyuma
• Agaciro ntarengwa kemewe ko gukomera
• Umwanya wanyuma wo gusaba (chimie gusa, umutwaro wa mashini yego / oya nibindi)

Guhuza ubumenyi bwubushakashatsi

Nyuma yubushakashatsi bwimbitse bwamakuru yubushakashatsi hamwe nubuziranenge byashobokaga gukusanya ibyifuzo byamanota ane ya duplex arimo gusubirwamo, reba Imbonerahamwe 3. Byakagombye kumenyekana ko amakuru menshi yakozwe mubushakashatsi bwa laboratoire bwakozwe nubushyuhe bwa 25 ° C. .
Twabibutsa kandi ko ibi byifuzo bivuga byibuze 50% byubukomezi busigaye kuri RT.Iyo mu mbonerahamwe “igihe kirekire” yerekanwe nta kugabanuka gukomeye kuri RT kwanditswe.Byongeye kandi, gusudira byageragejwe gusa kuri -40 ° C.Hanyuma, twakagombye kumenya ko igihe kinini cyo kwerekana giteganijwe kuri DX 2304, urebye ubukana bwacyo nyuma yamasaha 3.000 yo kwipimisha.Ariko, kurugero urwego rushobora kwiyongera rugomba kugenzurwa hamwe nibindi bizamini.

Hano hari ingingo eshatu zingenzi tugomba kumenya:

• Ibyagezweho muri iki gihe byerekana ko niba gusudira bihari, OT yagabanutseho nka 25 ° C.
• Ibihe byigihe gito (amasaha icumi kuri T = 375 ° C) biremewe kuri DX 2205. Nkuko DX 2304 na LDX 2101 ari amanota yo hasi, ibigereranyo byubushyuhe bwigihe gito bigomba no kwemerwa.
• Iyo ibikoresho byashizwemo kubera kubora, kuvura ubushyuhe kuri 550 - 600 ° C kuri DX 2205 na 500 ° C kuri SDX 2507 kumasaha 1 bifasha kugarura ubukana 70%.