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Ubwoko 316Ti (UNS 31635) ni Titanium ituje ya chromium-nikel ibyuma bitagira umuyonga birimo molybdenum.Iyi nyongera yongera imbaraga zo kurwanya ruswa, itezimbere kurwanya imiti ya chloride ion kandi itanga imbaraga ziyongera kubushyuhe bwo hejuru.Ibyiza bisa nubwoko 316 usibye ko 316Ti kubera inyongera ya Titanium irashobora gukoreshwa mubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwo gukangurira.Kurwanya ruswa byatejwe imbere cyane cyane kurwanya sulfurike, hydrochloric, acetike, acide, formic na tartaric acide, sulfate acide na chloride ya alkaline.
Ibigize imiti:
| C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr | Ni | Mo |
| ≤ 0.08 | ≤ 1.0 | ≤ 2.0 | ≤ 0.045 | ≤ 0.03 | 16.0 - 18.0 | 10.0 - 14.0 | 2.0 - 3.0 |
Ibyiza: Bishyizwe hamwe：
Imbaraga za Ultimate Tensile: 75 KSI min (515 MPa min)
Imbaraga Zitanga: (0.2% Offset) 30 KSI min (205 MPa min)
Kurambura: min 40%
Gukomera: Rb 95 max
Abashoferi berekana ingingo eshatu kuri slide.Koresha inyuma na buto ikurikira kugirango unyuze kumurongo, cyangwa utubuto twa slide mugenzuzi kugirango urangire unyuze kuri buri slide.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, hydrodynamics ya flocculation isuzumwa nubushakashatsi bwakozwe nubushakashatsi bwakozwe numubare wumuvuduko ukabije wumurima uri muri laboratoire ya paddle flocculator.Imivurungano iteza imbere guteranya ibice cyangwa gutandukana kwa floc biragoye kandi birasuzumwa kandi bigereranywa muriyi mpapuro ukoresheje uburyo bubiri bwo guhungabana, aribwo SST k-ω na IDDES.Ibisubizo byerekana ko IDDES itanga iterambere rito cyane hejuru ya SST k-ω, irahagije kugirango bigereranye neza imigendekere yimbere ya paddle flocculator.Amanota akwiye akoreshwa mugushakisha guhuza ibisubizo bya PIV na CFD, no kugereranya ibisubizo byurugero rwa CFD rwakoreshejwe.Ubushakashatsi bwibanze kandi ku kugereranya ibintu byanyerera k, ni 0.18 ku muvuduko muke wa 3 na 4 rpm ugereranije n’agaciro gasanzwe ka 0.25.Kugabanuka k kuva kuri 0.25 kugeza 0.18 byongera imbaraga zagejejwe kumazi hafi 27-30% kandi byongera umuvuduko ukabije (G) hafi 14%.Ibi bivuze ko imyigaragambyo myinshi itangwa kuruta uko byari byitezwe, bityo ingufu nke zikoreshwa bityo rero ingufu zikoreshwa mumashanyarazi ya flokculasiyo y’uruganda rutunganya amazi yo kunywa zirashobora kuba nke.
Mu kweza amazi, kongeramo coagulants bihungabanya uduce duto twa colloidal nu mwanda, hanyuma bigahurira hamwe bigakora flokculasiya kurwego rwa flocculation.Flakes ihambiriye guhuza ibice byinshi, hanyuma bigakurwa mugutuza.Ibintu byingenzi hamwe nuruvange rwamazi bigena imikorere ya flocculation no kuvura.Flocculation isaba guhindagurika gahoro gahoro mugihe gito ugereranije nimbaraga nyinshi zo guhagarika amazi menshi1.
Mugihe cya flokculasiyo, hydrodinamike ya sisitemu yose hamwe na chimie yimikoranire ya coagulant-selile igena igipimo cyo kugabana ingano ihagaze igerwaho2.Iyo ibice bigonganye, bifatanye.Oyegbile, Ay4 yatangaje ko kugongana biterwa nuburyo bwo gutwara abantu bwikwirakwizwa rya Brownian, gukata amazi no gutura bitandukanye.Iyo flake igonganye, irakura ikagera kumipaka runaka, ishobora kuganisha kumeneka, kubera ko flake idashobora kwihanganira imbaraga za hydrodynamic5.Bimwe muribi bice byavunitse bisubirana bito cyangwa ubunini bumwe6.Nyamara, flake ikomeye irashobora kurwanya izo mbaraga kandi igakomeza ubunini bwayo ndetse ikura7.Yukselen na Gregory8 batanze raporo ku bushakashatsi bujyanye no gusenya flake n'ubushobozi bwabo bwo kubyara, byerekana ko bidasubirwaho ari bike.Bridgeman, Jefferson9 yakoresheje CFD kugirango agereranye ingaruka zaho ziterwa no gutembera no guhindagurika kumiterere yibimera no gucikamo ibice binyuze mumashanyarazi yihuta.Muri tanks zifite ibyuma bya rotor, birakenewe guhindura umuvuduko aho igiteranyo gihurira nibindi bice mugihe bihungabanye bihagije mugice cya coagulation.Ukoresheje CFD n'umuvuduko wo kuzenguruka wo munsi ya 15 rpm, Vadasarukkai na Gagnon11 bashoboye kugera ku gaciro ka G kumashanyarazi ya pisine, bityo bigabanya ingufu z'amashanyarazi kugirango bahagarike.Ariko, imikorere kurwego rwo hejuru G irashobora kuganisha kuri flocculation.Bakoze ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka zo kuvanga umuvuduko mukugereranya impuzandengo yumuvuduko wa moteri ya pilote ya pilote.Zizunguruka ku muvuduko urenze 5 rpm.
Korpijärvi, Ahlstedt12 yakoresheje uburyo bune butandukanye bwo guhungabana kugirango yige umurima utemba ku ntebe yikizamini cya tank.Bapimye umurima utemba hamwe na laser Doppler anemometero na PIV hanyuma bagereranya ibisubizo byabazwe nibisubizo byapimwe.de Oliveira na Donadel13 batanze ubundi buryo bwo kugereranya umuvuduko ukabije uturuka kuri hydrodynamic ukoresheje CFD.Uburyo buteganijwe bwageragejwe kubice bitandatu bya flocculation bishingiye kuri geometrike.yasuzumye ingaruka zigihe cyo kugumana kuri flocculants hanyuma atanga icyerekezo cya flocculation ishobora gukoreshwa nkigikoresho cyo gushyigikira igishushanyo mbonera cyiza hamwe nigihe gito cyo kugumana14.Zhan, Wowe15 wasabye icyerekezo cya CFD hamwe nuburinganire bwabaturage kugirango bigereranye ibiranga imigendekere yimyitwarire ya floculation yuzuye.Llano-Serna, Coral-Portillo16 yakoze ubushakashatsi ku biranga imigezi ya hydroflocculator yo mu bwoko bwa Cox mu ruganda rutunganya amazi i Viterbo, muri Kolombiya.Nubwo CFD ifite ibyiza byayo, hari nimbogamizi nkamakosa yumubare.Kubwibyo, ibisubizo byumubare byabonetse bigomba gusuzumwa neza no gusesengurwa kugirango hafatwe imyanzuro ikomeye17.Hariho ubushakashatsi buke mubuvanganzo ku gishushanyo mbonera cya baffle itambitse, mugihe ibyifuzo byo gushushanya hydrodynamic flocculators ari bike18.Chen, Liao19 yakoresheje igeragezwa rishingiye ku gukwirakwiza urumuri rwa polarize kugirango bapime uko polarisiyasi yumucyo utatanye uva mubice bitandukanye.Feng, Zhang20 yakoresheje Ansys-Fluent kugirango yigane ikwirakwizwa ryimyuka ya eddy no kuzunguruka mu murima utemba wa plaque ya plaque hamwe na flocculator.Nyuma yo kwigana umuvuduko ukabije wamazi muri flocculator ukoresheje Ansys-Fluent, Gavi21 yakoresheje ibisubizo mugushushanya flocculator.Vaneli na Teixeira22 batangaje ko isano iri hagati yingufu zamazi ya spiral tube flucculators hamwe na flocculation inzira ikomeje kumvikana nabi kugirango ishyigikire igishushanyo mbonera.de Oliveira na Costa Teixeira23 bize ubushakashatsi ku mikorere kandi berekana imiterere ya hydrodynamic ya spiral tube flocculator ikoresheje ubushakashatsi bwa fiziki hamwe na CFD.Abashakashatsi benshi bakoze ubushakashatsi ku byuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata amashanyarazi.Nyamara, amakuru arambuye ya hydrodynamic kubisubizo byibyo reaction ku bishushanyo bitandukanye ndetse nuburyo bukora biracyabura (Sartori, Oliveira24; Oliveira, Teixeira25).Oliveira na Teixeira26 berekana ibisubizo byumwimerere bivuye mubyerekanwe, bigerageza na CFD bigereranya flokulike.Oliveira na Teixeira27 basabye gukoresha igiceri kizunguruka nka reaction ya coagulation-flocculation hamwe na sisitemu isanzwe.Batangaza ko ibisubizo byabonetse kugirango bikurweho neza bitandukanijwe cyane nibyabonetse hamwe na moderi zikoreshwa mugusuzuma flokculation, byerekana kwitonda mugihe ukoresheje ubwo buryo.Moruzzi na de Oliveira [28] bagaragaje imyitwarire ya sisitemu y'ibyumba bikomeza guhindagurika mu bihe bitandukanye bikora, harimo gutandukana mu mubare w'ibyumba byakoreshejwe no gukoresha imiyoboro ya selile ihamye cyangwa yapimye.Romphophak, Le Men29 PIV ibipimo byumuvuduko uhita muri quasi-ebyiri-zipima indege.Basanze uruzinduko rukomeye ruterwa nindege muri zone ya flocculation kandi bagereranya igipimo cyogosha cyaho kandi ako kanya.
Shah, Joshi30 batangaza ko CFD itanga ubundi buryo bushimishije bwo kunoza ibishushanyo no kubona ibintu biranga ibintu.Ibi bifasha kwirinda uburyo bwagutse bwo kugerageza.CFD irakoreshwa cyane mu gusesengura amazi n’amazi atunganya amazi (Melo, Freire31; Alalm, Nasr32; Bridgeman, Jefferson9; Samaras, Zouboulis33; Wang, Wu34; Zhang, Tejada-Martínez35).Abashakashatsi benshi bakoze ubushakashatsi ku bikoresho bishobora gupima (Bridgeman, Jefferson36; Bridgeman, Jefferson5; Jarvis, Jefferson6; Wang, Wu34) hamwe na flocculators ya disikuru.Abandi bakoresheje CFD mu gusuzuma hydroflocculator (Bridgeman, Jefferson5; Vadasarukkai, Gagnon37).Ghawi21 yatangaje ko imashini zikoresha imashini zisaba buri gihe kuko zisenyuka kandi zigasaba amashanyarazi menshi.
Imikorere ya paddle flocculator iterwa cyane na hydrodinamike yikigega.Kudasobanukirwa kwinshi kumirima yumuvuduko wumurima muri flokulatori bigaragara neza mubitabo (Howe, Hand38; Hendricks39).Ubwinshi bwamazi bugengwa nuwimuka wa flocculator, bityo biteganijwe kunyerera.Mubisanzwe, umuvuduko wamazi uri munsi yumuvuduko wicyuma ukoresheje kunyerera k, bisobanurwa nkikigereranyo cyumuvuduko wumubiri wamazi numuvuduko wuruziga rwa padi.Bhole40 yatangaje ko hari ibintu bitatu bitazwi ugomba gusuzuma mugushushanya flocculator, aribyo umuvuduko ukabije wumuvuduko, coefficient de coiffe, hamwe n umuvuduko ugereranije wamazi ugereranije nicyuma.
Camp41 ivuga ko iyo urebye imashini yihuta, umuvuduko uri hafi 24% yumuvuduko wa rotor kandi hejuru ya 32% kumashini yihuta.Mugihe septa idahari, Droste na Ger42 bakoresheje ak agaciro ka 0.25, mugihe kubijyanye na septa, k kuva kuri 0 kugeza 0.15.Howe, Hand38 yerekana ko k iri murwego rwa 0.2 kugeza 0.3.Hendrix39 yerekanaga ibintu kunyerera n'umuvuduko wo kuzunguruka ukoresheje formulaire ifatika kandi yanzura avuga ko kunyerera nabyo byari murwego rwashyizweho na Camp41.Bratby43 yatangaje ko k ari 0.2 kumuvuduko wimodoka kuva 1.8 kugeza 5.4 rpm kandi ikiyongera kuri 0.35 kumuvuduko wimodoka kuva 0.9 kugeza 3pm.Abandi bashakashatsi bavuga ko ibiciro byinshi bikurura coefficient (Cd) kuva kuri 1.0 kugeza kuri 1.8 hamwe na coefficient k kunyerera k kuva kuri 0.25 kugeza 0.40 (Feir na Geyer44; Hyde na Ludwig45; Harris, Kaufman46; van Duuren47; na Bratby na Marais48 ).Ubuvanganzo ntabwo bugaragaza iterambere ryinshi mugusobanura no kubara k kuva Camp41′s ikora.
Igikorwa cya flocculation gishingiye kumivurungano kugirango byorohereze kugongana, aho umuvuduko wa gradient (G) ukoreshwa mugupima imivurungano / flocculation.Kuvanga ni inzira yo gukwirakwiza vuba kandi kuringaniza imiti mumazi.Urwego rwo kuvanga rupimwa numuvuduko ukabije:
aho G = umuvuduko ukabije (sec-1), P = imbaraga zinjiza (W), V = ubwinshi bwamazi (m3), μ = ubukonje bwimbaraga (Pa s).
Hejuru ya G agaciro, niko kuvangwa.Kuvanga neza ni ngombwa kugirango coagulation imwe.Ubuvanganzo bwerekana ko ibipimo byingenzi byashushanyije ari ukuvanga igihe (t) n'umuvuduko ukabije (G).Igikorwa cya flocculation gishingiye kumivurungano kugirango byorohereze kugongana, aho umuvuduko wa gradient (G) ukoreshwa mugupima imivurungano / flocculation.Ibishushanyo mbonera bisanzwe kuri G ni 20 kugeza 70 s - 1, t ni iminota 15 kugeza 30, na Gt (dimensionless) ni 104 kugeza 105. Ibigega bivanga byihuse bikora neza hamwe na G bifite agaciro ka 700 kugeza 1000, hamwe nigihe cyo kuguma nk'iminota 2.
aho P ni imbaraga zitangwa mumazi na buri cyuma cya flocculator, N ni umuvuduko wo kuzunguruka, b ni uburebure bwikibaho, ρ nubucucike bwamazi, r ni radiyo, na k ni coefficient yo kunyerera.Iri gereranya rikoreshwa kuri buri cyuma kugiti cye kandi ibisubizo byegeranijwe kugirango bitange imbaraga zose zinjiza za flocculator.Ubushakashatsi bwitondewe kuri iri gereranya bwerekana akamaro ko kunyerera k muburyo bwo gushushanya paddle flocculator.Ubuvanganzo ntibuvuga agaciro nyako k, ahubwo karasaba intera nkuko byavuzwe mbere.Ariko, isano iri hagati yimbaraga P na coefficient k kunyerera k ni cubic.Rero, mugihe ibipimo byose ari bimwe, kurugero, guhindura k kuva kuri 0.25 ukagera kuri 0.3 bizatuma kugabanuka kwingufu zanduzwa mumazi kuri blade hafi 20%, kandi kugabanya k kuva 0.25 kugeza 0.18 bizamwiyongera.hafi 27-30% kuri vane Imbaraga zitangwa mumazi.Ubwanyuma, ingaruka za k ku gishushanyo mbonera cya paddle flocculator ikeneye gukorwaho ubushakashatsi hakoreshejwe umubare wa tekiniki.
Kugereranya neza kunyerera bisaba gutembera no kwigana.Niyo mpamvu, ni ngombwa gusobanura umuvuduko ufatika w’icyuma mu mazi ku muvuduko runaka wo kuzunguruka ku ntera itandukanye ya radiyo itandukanye n’uruzitiro no ku bujyakuzimu butandukanye kuva hejuru y’amazi kugira ngo dusuzume ingaruka z’imyanya itandukanye.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, hydrodynamics ya flocculation isuzumwa nubushakashatsi bwakozwe nubushakashatsi bwakozwe numubare wumuvuduko ukabije wumurima uri muri laboratoire ya paddle flocculator.Ibipimo bya PIV byandikwa kuri flocculator, bigakora umuvuduko ukabije wigihe cyerekana umuvuduko wibice byamazi bikikije amababi.Mubyongeyeho, ANSYS-Fluent CFD yakoreshejwe mu kwigana urujya n'uruza imbere muri flocculator no gukora umuvuduko ukabije wigihe.Icyitegererezo cya CFD cyemejwe no gusuzuma inzandiko hagati y'ibisubizo bya PIV na CFD.Ibyibandwaho muriyi mirimo ni mukugereranya kunyerera k kunyerera k, nikigereranyo cyibishushanyo mbonera cya paddle flocculator.Imirimo yatanzwe hano itanga urufatiro rushya rwo kubara coefficient k kunyerera k ku muvuduko muke wa 3 rpm na 4 rpm.Ingaruka z'ibisubizo zigira uruhare rutaziguye mu gusobanukirwa neza hydrodinamike ya tank ya flocculation.
Laboratoire ya laboratoire igizwe nagasanduku gafunguye hejuru yurukiramende rufite uburebure bwa cm 147, uburebure bwa cm 39, ubugari bwa cm 118, n'uburebure bwa cm 138 (Ishusho 1).Ibishushanyo mbonera byingenzi byateguwe na Camp49 byakoreshejwe mugushushanya laboratoire ya paddle flocculator no gukoresha amahame yo gusesengura ibipimo.Ikigo cyubushakashatsi cyubatswe muri Laboratwari y’ibidukikije ya kaminuza ya Amerika yo muri Libani (Byblos, Libani).
Umurongo utambitse uherereye ku burebure bwa cm 60 uvuye hepfo kandi wakira ibiziga bibiri bya paddle.Buri ruziga rwa paddle rugizwe na padi 4 hamwe na 3 kuri buri padi kuri 12 zose.Flocculation isaba kwitonda byoroheje kumuvuduko muto wa 2 kugeza 6 rpm.Umuvuduko ukunze kuvangwa muri flocculator ni 3 rpm na 4 rpm.Igipimo cya laboratoire ya flucculator yagenewe kwerekana imigendekere yikigega cya flocculation cyuruganda rutunganya amazi yo kunywa.Imbaraga zibarwa ukoresheje ikigereranyo gakondo 42.Kuri umuvuduko wo kuzunguruka byombi, umuvuduko ukabije \ (\ stackrel {\ mathrm {-}} {\ inyandiko {G}} \) urenze 10 \ ({\ inyandiko {sec}} ^ {- {1}} \) , umubare wa Reynolds werekana urujya n'uruza (Imbonerahamwe 1).
PIV ikoreshwa kugirango igere ku bipimo nyabyo kandi byuzuye byerekana umuvuduko w umuvuduko wamazi icyarimwe kumubare munini cyane w'amanota50.Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe harimo laboratoire ya paddle flocculator, sisitemu ya LaVision PIV (2017), hamwe na Arduino yo hanze ya laser sensor.Kurema umwanya-ugereranije umuvuduko wumwirondoro, amashusho ya PIV yanditswe bikurikiranye ahantu hamwe.Sisitemu ya PIV ihindurwamo kuburyo agace kerekanwe kari hagati yuburebure bwa buri cyuma cyamaboko atatu yikiganza runaka.Imbarutso yo hanze igizwe na laser iherereye kuruhande rumwe rw'ubugari bwa flocculator hamwe na sensor yakira kurundi ruhande.Igihe cyose ukuboko kwa flocculator guhagarika inzira ya laser, ikimenyetso cyoherezwa muri sisitemu ya PIV kugirango ifate ishusho hamwe na lazeri ya PIV na kamera bihujwe nigice cyateganijwe.Ku mutini.2 yerekana kwishyiriraho sisitemu ya PIV nuburyo bwo kubona amashusho.
Gufata amajwi ya PIV byatangiye nyuma ya flocculator ikozwe muminota 5-10 kugirango ibisanzwe bigenda kandi hitabwa kumurima umwe.Calibration igerwaho hifashishijwe isahani ya kalibrasi yibijwe muri flocculator hanyuma igashyirwa hagati yuburebure bwikibabi cyinyungu.Hindura umwanya wa laser ya PIV kugirango ukore urupapuro ruciriritse hejuru yicyapa.Andika indangagaciro zapimwe kuri buri muvuduko wo kuzunguruka kuri buri cyuma, kandi umuvuduko wo kuzunguruka watoranijwe kubigeragezo ni 3 rpm na 4 rpm.
Kubintu byose byafashwe amajwi, umwanya uri hagati ya laser pulses ebyiri washyizwe mubirometero kuva 6900 kugeza 7700 µs, byemerera byibuze kwimura uduce duto twa pigiseli 5.Ibizamini bya pilote byakozwe kumubare w'amashusho asabwa kugirango ubone ibipimo bifatika.Imibare ya Vector yagereranijwe ku ngero zirimo amashusho 40, 50, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160, 200, 240, na 280.Ingano yerekana amashusho 240 yabonetse kugirango itange umwanya uhamye-ugereranije ibisubizo bitewe nuko buri shusho igizwe namakadiri abiri.
Kubera ko imigendekere ya flocculator ihindagurika, idirishya rito ryibibazo hamwe numubare munini wibice bisabwa kugirango bikemure ibintu bito bituje.Inshuro nyinshi zo kugabanya ingano zikoreshwa hamwe no guhuza algorithm kugirango tumenye neza.Idirishya ryambere ryitora rya 48 × 48 pigiseli hamwe na 50% byuzuzanya hamwe nuburyo bumwe bwo kurwanya imihindagurikire yakurikiwe nubunini bwa nyuma bwo gutora bwa 32 × 32 pigiseli hamwe 100% hamwe nuburyo bubiri bwo kurwanya imihindagurikire.Byongeye kandi, ibirahuri bidafite ibirahuri byakoreshwaga nkibice byimbuto bitemba, byemerera byibuze ibice 10 kuri idirishya ryitora.Amajwi ya PIV yatangijwe ninkomoko yimikorere muri Programmable Timing Unit (PTU), ishinzwe gukora no guhuza isoko ya laser na kamera.
Porogaramu yubucuruzi CFD ANSYS Fluent v 19.1 yakoreshejwe mugutezimbere 3D ya 3D no gukemura ibipimo fatizo.
Ukoresheje ANSYS-Fluent, hashyizweho moderi ya 3D ya laboratoire nini ya paddle flocculator.Icyitegererezo gikozwe muburyo bw'agasanduku k'urukiramende, kagizwe n'inziga ebyiri za paddle zashyizwe kumurongo utambitse, nka laboratoire.Icyitegererezo kidafite ubuntu gifite uburebure bwa cm 108, ubugari bwa cm 118 na cm 138 z'uburebure.Indege itambitse ya silindrike yongeweho hafi ya mixer.Indege ya silindrike igomba gushyira mubikorwa kuzenguruka kuvanga byose mugihe cyo kwishyiriraho no kwigana umurima uzunguruka imbere muri flocculator, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3a.
3D ANSYS-yerekana neza na geometrike yerekana igishushanyo, ANSYS-flucculator yumubiri mesh ku ndege yinyungu, igishushanyo cya ANSYS-cyiza ku ndege yinyungu.
Icyitegererezo cya geometrie kigizwe n'uturere tubiri, buri gice ni amazi.Ibi bigerwaho hifashishijwe imikorere yo gukuramo ibintu.Banza ukureho silinderi (harimo na mixer) mumasanduku kugirango uhagararire amazi.Noneho gukuramo kuvanga muri silinderi, bivamo ibintu bibiri: kuvanga namazi.Hanyuma, intera yo kunyerera yakoreshejwe hagati yibi bice: Imigaragarire ya silinderi na interineti ivanga (Ishusho 3a).
Gushushanya moderi zubatswe byarangiye kugirango byuzuze ibisabwa na moderi yimivurungano izakoreshwa mugukoresha imibare.Urushundura rutubatswe hamwe nuburyo bwagutse hafi yubuso bukomeye bwakoreshejwe.Kora ibice byo kwaguka kurukuta rwose hamwe niterambere ryikigereranyo cya 1.2 kugirango umenye neza ko uburyo bwo gutembera bugoye gufatwa, hamwe nuburinganire bwa mbere bwa \ (7 \ mathrm {x} {10} ^ {- 4} \) m kugirango urebe ko \ ({\ inyandiko {y)) ^ {+} \ le 1.0 \).Ingano yumubiri ihindurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa tetrahedron.Ingano yimbere yimbere yintera ebyiri zifite ikintu kingana na 2,5 × \ ({10} ^ {- 3} \) m yaremewe, kandi ivanga imbere ya 9 × \ ({10} ^ {- 3} \) m ikoreshwa.Urubuga rwa mbere rwakozwe rugizwe nibintu 2144409 (Ishusho 3b).
Ibice bibiri-k-ε imidugararo yatoranijwe nkicyitegererezo cyambere.Kugirango ugereranye neza uruzinduko rwimbere muri flocculator, hatoranijwe moderi ihenze cyane yo kubara.Uruzinduko ruzunguruka imbere muri flocculator rwakozweho ubushakashatsi hakoreshejwe moderi ebyiri za CFD: SST k - ω51 na IDDES52.Ibisubizo bya moderi zombi byagereranijwe nibisubizo bya PIV kugirango yemeze icyitegererezo.Ubwa mbere, SST k-ω moderi yimyidagaduro nuburyo bubiri buringaniza bwimyororokere yimikorere ya fluid dinamike ikoreshwa.Nuburyo bwimvange ihuza Wilcox k-ω na k-ε.Imikorere yo kuvanga ikora moderi ya Wilcox hafi yurukuta hamwe na k-ε muburyo butemba.Ibi byemeza ko icyitegererezo gikwiye gikoreshwa mumurima wose.Ihanura neza gutandukana gutemba bitewe ningaruka zingutu.Icya kabiri, uburyo bwa Advanced Deferred Eddy Simulation (IDDES), bwakoreshejwe cyane muburyo bwa Eddy Simulation (DES) hamwe na SST k-ω RANS (Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes), hatoranijwe.IDDES ni imvange ya RANS-LES (moderi nini ya eddy) itanga uburyo bworoshye kandi bworoshye bwo gukoresha ibipimo byerekana urugero (SRS).Ishingiye kuri moderi ya LES kugirango ikemure eddies nini hanyuma isubire kuri SST k-ω kwigana ntoya.Isesengura mibare ryibisubizo bivuye muri SST k - ω na IDDES bigereranywa nibisubizo bya PIV kugirango yemeze icyitegererezo.
Ibice bibiri-k-ε imidugararo yatoranijwe nkicyitegererezo cyambere.Kugirango ugereranye neza uruzinduko rwimbere muri flocculator, hatoranijwe moderi ihenze cyane yo kubara.Uruzinduko ruzunguruka imbere muri flocculator rwakozweho ubushakashatsi hakoreshejwe moderi ebyiri za CFD: SST k - ω51 na IDDES52.Ibisubizo bya moderi zombi byagereranijwe nibisubizo bya PIV kugirango yemeze icyitegererezo.Ubwa mbere, SST k-ω moderi yimyidagaduro nuburyo bubiri buringaniza bwimyororokere yimikorere ya fluid dinamike ikoreshwa.Nuburyo bwimvange ihuza Wilcox k-ω na k-ε.Imikorere yo kuvanga ikora moderi ya Wilcox hafi yurukuta hamwe na k-ε muburyo butemba.Ibi byemeza ko icyitegererezo gikwiye gikoreshwa mumurima wose.Ihanura neza gutandukana gutemba bitewe ningaruka zingutu.Icya kabiri, uburyo bwa Advanced Deferred Eddy Simulation (IDDES), bwakoreshejwe cyane muburyo bwa Eddy Simulation (DES) hamwe na SST k-ω RANS (Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes), hatoranijwe.IDDES ni imvange ya RANS-LES (moderi nini ya eddy) itanga uburyo bworoshye kandi bworoshye bwo gukoresha ibipimo byerekana urugero (SRS).Ishingiye kuri moderi ya LES kugirango ikemure eddies nini hanyuma isubire kuri SST k-ω kwigana ntoya.Isesengura mibare ryibisubizo bivuye muri SST k - ω na IDDES bigereranywa nibisubizo bya PIV kugirango yemeze icyitegererezo.
Koresha igitutu gishingiye kumwanya wigihe gito kandi ukoreshe uburemere muri Y.Kuzenguruka kugerwaho mugushiraho icyerekezo gishya kuri mixer, aho inkomoko yizunguruka igenda iri hagati ya horizontal axis kandi icyerekezo cyizunguruka kiri mubyerekezo bya Z.Imigaragarire ya mesh yaremewe kubintu byombi byerekana geometrie, bivamo ibisanduku bibiri bihuza agasanduku.Nkubuhanga bwo kugerageza, umuvuduko wo kuzenguruka uhuye na 3 na 4 revolisiyo.
Imiterere yimbibi zinkuta za mixer na flocculator zashyizweho nurukuta, naho gufungura hejuru ya flocculator byashyizwe kumurongo hamwe numuvuduko wa zeru (Ishusho 3c).SIMPLE igitutu-umuvuduko wo gutumanaho gahunda, discretisation yumwanya wa gradient ya kabiri-itondekanya imikorere hamwe nibipimo byose bishingiye byibuze kwaduka ibintu.Igipimo cyo guhuza ibintu byose bihinduka ni igipimo gisigaye 1 x \ ({10} ^ {- 3} \).Umubare ntarengwa wo gusubiramo kumwanya wintambwe ni 20, kandi ingano yintambwe ihuye no kuzenguruka kwa 0.5 °.Igisubizo gihurira kuri 8 itera ya moderi ya SST k - ω no kuri 12 itera ukoresheje IDDES.Mubyongeyeho, umubare wintambwe wabazwe kuburyo mixer yakoze byibura 12 revolisiyo.Koresha imibare yikitegererezo kumibare yigihe nyuma yo kuzunguruka 3, ituma ibisanzwe bigenda neza, bisa nuburyo bwo kugerageza.Ugereranije ibisohoka byihuta kuri buri mpinduramatwara bitanga ibisubizo bimwe kuri revolisiyo enye zanyuma, byerekana ko leta ihamye yagezweho.Ivugurura ryiyongereye ntabwo ryateje imbere umuvuduko wo hagati.
Intambwe yigihe isobanurwa mubijyanye no kuzunguruka umuvuduko, 3 rpm cyangwa 4 rpm.Intambwe yigihe itunganijwe kugeza igihe gisabwa cyo kuzunguruka ivanga na 0.5 °.Ibi biragaragara ko bihagije, kubera ko igisubizo gihinduka byoroshye, nkuko byasobanuwe mu gice kibanziriza iki.Rero, imibare yose yimibare kubintu byombi byerekana imidugararo byakozwe hakoreshejwe intambwe yahinduwe ya 0.02 \ (\ stackrel {\ mathrm {-}} {7} \) kuri 3 rpm, 0.0208 \ (\ stackrel {\ mathrm {-} {3} \) 4 rpm.Ku ntambwe yatanzwe yo kunonosora intambwe, Courant numero ya selire ihora munsi ya 1.0.
Kugirango ushakishe icyitegererezo-mesh, ibisubizo byabonetse mbere ukoresheje mesh yumwimerere 2.14M hanyuma meshi 2.88M inoze.Gutunganya gride bigerwaho mugabanya ingano ya selile yumubiri uvanga kuva 9 × \ ({10} ^ {- 3} \) m kugeza kuri 7 × \ ({10} ^ {- 3} \) m.Kuri meshes yumwimerere kandi inonosoye yuburyo bubiri bwimivurungano, impuzandengo yagaciro yumuvuduko wumuvuduko ahantu hatandukanye ikikije icyuma wagereranijwe.Itandukaniro ryijanisha hagati y ibisubizo ni 1.73% kuri moderi ya SST k - ω na 3.51% kuri moderi ya IDDES.IDDES yerekana itandukaniro rinini cyane kuko ni moderi ya RANS-LES.Itandukaniro ryafatwaga nkidafite akamaro, bityo kwigana byakozwe hakoreshejwe mesh yumwimerere hamwe na miriyoni 2.14 nibintu byigihe cyo kuzenguruka cya 0.5 °.
Imyororokere y'ibisubizo by'igeragezwa yasuzumwe ikora buri bushakashatsi butandatu ku nshuro ya kabiri no kugereranya ibisubizo.Gereranya umuvuduko wihuse hagati yicyuma mubice bibiri byubushakashatsi.Impuzandengo y'ijanisha ritandukanya amatsinda abiri yubushakashatsi yari 3.1%.Sisitemu ya PIV nayo yongeye kwigenga kuri buri bushakashatsi.Gereranya umuvuduko wabazwe kubisesenguye hagati ya buri cyuma n'umuvuduko wa PIV ahantu hamwe.Iri gereranya ryerekana itandukaniro hamwe namakosa ntarengwa ya 6.5% kuri blade 1.
Mbere yo kugereranya ibintu byanyerera, birakenewe ko dusobanukirwa muburyo bwa siyansi igitekerezo cyo kunyerera muri flocculator, bisaba kwiga imiterere yimigezi ikikije padi ya flocculator.Mubisanzwe, coefficient yo kunyerera yubatswe mugushushanya kwa paddle flocculators kugirango uzirikane umuvuduko wibyuma ugereranije namazi.Ubuvanganzo busaba ko uyu muvuduko waba 75% yumuvuduko wicyuma, kuburyo ibishushanyo byinshi mubisanzwe bikoresha ak ya 0.25 kugirango ubaze ibyo byahinduwe.Ibi bisaba gukoresha umuvuduko wumurongo ukomoka mubushakashatsi bwa PIV kugirango wumve neza umurima w umuvuduko wumurongo kandi wige iyi nyandiko.Icyuma cya 1 nicyuma cyimbere cyegereye igiti, icyuma cya 3 nicyuma cyo hanze, naho icyuma 2 nicyuma cyo hagati.
Umuvuduko ugenda kumurongo 1 werekana uruziga ruzenguruka ruzengurutse icyuma.Ibishushanyo bitemba biva kumurongo kuruhande rwiburyo bwicyuma, hagati ya rotor nicyuma.Urebye agace kagaragajwe nagasanduku gatukura gatukura ku gishushanyo cya 4a, birashimishije kumenya ikindi kintu cyerekeranye no kuzenguruka hejuru no kuzenguruka.Flow visualisation yerekana gutembera gake muri zone izenguruka.Uru rugendo rwegera uhereye kuruhande rwiburyo rwicyuma ku burebure bwa cm 6 uhereye kumpera yicyuma, bishoboka ko biterwa ningaruka zicyuma cyambere cyikiganza kibanziriza icyuma, kigaragara mwishusho.Flow visualisation saa yine z'ijoro yerekana imyitwarire n'imiterere imwe, bigaragara ko ifite umuvuduko mwinshi.
Umuvuduko wumurongo nigishushanyo kigezweho cya blade eshatu kumuvuduko wa rotation ya 3 rpm na 4 rpm.Impuzandengo ntarengwa ya blade eshatu kuri 3 rpm ni 0.15 m / s, 0,20 m / s na 0,16 m / s, naho umuvuduko ntarengwa kuri 4pm ni 0.15 m / s, 0.22 m / s na 0.22 m / s.ku mpapuro eshatu.
Ubundi buryo bwo gutembera bwabonetse hagati yumuhanda wa 1 na 2. Umurima wa vector werekana neza ko amazi atemba agenda hejuru kuva munsi yumurongo wa 2, nkuko byerekanwa nicyerekezo cya vector.Nkuko bigaragazwa nagasanduku kerekana akadomo ku gishushanyo cya 4b, iyi vectors ntabwo ijya hejuru iva hejuru yicyuma, ahubwo ihindukirira iburyo hanyuma ikamanuka buhoro buhoro.Ku buso bwa blade 1, ibice byo hepfo biratandukanijwe, byegera ibyuma byombi bikabizenguruka biturutse kumuzenguruko wakozwe hagati yabo.Imiterere imwe yagenwe yagenwe kumuvuduko wokuzunguruka hamwe na amplitude yihuta ya amplitude ya 4 rpm.
Umuvuduko wumuvuduko wicyuma cya 3 ntabwo utanga umusanzu wingenzi uva kumuvuduko wumuvuduko wicyuma kibanza uhuza urujya n'uruza munsi yicyuma 3. Imigezi nyamukuru munsi yicyuma 3 iterwa numuvuduko wumuvuduko uhagaze uzamuka hamwe namazi.
Umuvuduko wihuta hejuru yicyuma cya 3 urashobora kugabanywamo amatsinda atatu, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 4c.Igice cya mbere ni ugushiraho kuruhande rwiburyo bwicyuma.Imiterere yimigezi muriyi myanya igororotse iburyo no hejuru (ni ukuvuga ku cyuma 2).Itsinda rya kabiri ni hagati yicyuma.Umuvuduko wihuta kuriyi myanya werekeza neza, nta gutandukana kandi nta kuzunguruka.Kugabanuka kwumuvuduko wagenwe hamwe no kwiyongera muburebure hejuru yimpera yicyuma.Kubwitsinda rya gatatu, riherereye kuruhande rwibumoso rwa blade, imigezi ihita yerekeza ibumoso, ni ukuvuga kurukuta rwa flocculator.Ibyinshi bitemba byerekanwe numuvuduko wa vector urazamuka, naho igice cyurugendo kigenda gitambitse.
Moderi ebyiri zumuvurungano, SST k - ω na IDDES, zakoreshejwe mukubaka imyirondoro yumuvuduko wigihe cya 3 rpm na 4 rpm muri blade bisobanura indege ndende.Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 5, imiterere ihamye igerwaho no kugera ku busa bwuzuye hagati yumuvuduko wakozwe na bine bikurikiranye.Mubyongeyeho, ibihe byagereranijwe byihuta byakozwe na IDDES byerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 6a, mugihe imyirondoro yumuvuduko wigihe cyakozwe na SST k - ω irerekanwa kumashusho 6a.6b.
Ukoresheje IDDES hamwe nigihe cyo kugereranya umuvuduko ukabije wakozwe na SST k - ω, IDDES ifite igipimo kinini cyumuvuduko.
Witondere witonze umwirondoro wihuse wakozwe na IDDES saa tatu zijoro nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 7. Imvange izunguruka ku isaha kandi imigendekere iraganirwaho ukurikije inyandiko zerekanwe.
Ku mutini.7 birashobora kugaragara ko hejuru yicyuma cya 3 muri I quadrant hariho gutandukanya imigezi, kubera ko imigezi itagabanijwe kubera ko hari umwobo wo hejuru.Muri quadrant II nta gutandukanya gutemba kugaragara, kubera ko imigezi igarukira rwose kurukuta rwa flocculator.Muri quadrant III, amazi azunguruka kumuvuduko muto cyane cyangwa munsi ugereranije na quadrants yabanjirije.Amazi muri quadrants I na II yimurwa (ni ukuvuga kuzunguruka cyangwa gusunikwa hanze) hepfo kubikorwa bya mixer.Kandi muri quadrant ya III, amazi asunikwa na blade ya agitator.Biragaragara ko amazi menshi aha hantu arwanya amaboko ya flocculator yegera.Kuzunguruka muri iyi quadrant biratandukanye rwose.Kuri quadrant ya IV, igice kinini cyumuyaga uri hejuru ya vane 3 cyerekejwe kurukuta rwa flocculator kandi buhoro buhoro butakaza ubunini bwacyo uko uburebure bwiyongera kugeza gufungura hejuru.
Mubyongeyeho, umwanya wo hagati urimo ibintu bigoye bigenda byiganjemo quadrants III na IV, nkuko bigaragazwa na ellips yubururu.Aka gace kagaragajwe ntaho gahuriye no kuzunguruka muri paddle flocculator, nkuko icyerekezo kizunguruka gishobora kumenyekana.Ibi bitandukanye na quadrants I na II aho hariho itandukaniro rigaragara hagati yimbere yimbere nizunguruka ryuzuye.
Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo.6, ugereranije ibisubizo bya IDDES na SST k-ω, itandukaniro nyamukuru riri hagati yumuvuduko wumuvuduko nubunini bwumuvuduko uhita munsi yicyuma 3. Moderi ya SST k-ω yerekana neza ko umuvuduko mwinshi wihuta utwarwa nicyuma 3 ugereranije n'indangamuntu.
Irindi tandukaniro rirashobora kuboneka muri quadrant III.Uhereye kuri IDDES, nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, gutandukanya gutembera gutandukanya amaboko ya flocculator byagaragaye.Nyamara, iyi myanya yibasiwe cyane numuvuduko muke uturuka kumpera no imbere imbere yicyuma.Kuva kuri SST k - ω kumwanya umwe, imirongo ya kontour yerekana umuvuduko mwinshi ugereranije na IDDES kuko ntamazi atemba ava mubindi bice.
Gusobanukirwa neza kwihuta ryumurongo wumurongo hamwe numurongo urakenewe kugirango usobanukirwe neza imyitwarire yimiterere nimiterere.Urebye ko buri cyuma gifite cm 5 z'ubugari, ingingo ndwi z'umuvuduko zatoranijwe hejuru y'ubugari kugirango zitange umuvuduko uhagarariye.Byongeye kandi, gusobanukirwa kwinshi kwubunini bwumuvuduko nkigikorwa cyuburebure hejuru yubuso bwicyuma bisabwa mugushushanya umuvuduko wumuvuduko hejuru ya buri cyuma no hejuru yintera ikomeza ya cm 2,5 uhagaritse kugera kuri cm 10.Reba S1, S2 na S3 mumashusho kubindi bisobanuro.Umugereka A. Igishushanyo cya 8 cyerekana isano yo gukwirakwiza umuvuduko wubuso bwa buri cyuma (Y = 0.0) cyabonetse ukoresheje ubushakashatsi bwa PIV hamwe nisesengura rya ANSYS-Fluent ukoresheje IDDES na SST k-ω.Ingero zombi zumubare zituma bishoboka kwigana neza imiterere yimigezi hejuru yububiko bwa flocculator.
Umuvuduko ukwirakwiza PIV, IDDES na SST k - ω hejuru yicyuma.X-axis yerekana ubugari bwa buri rupapuro muri milimetero, hamwe ninkomoko (0 mm) igereranya ibumoso bwurupapuro nimperuka (50 mm) byerekana iburyo bwurupapuro.
Biragaragara neza ko gukwirakwiza umuvuduko wa blade 2 na 3 byerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 8 na 8.S2 na S3 kumugereka A herekana inzira isa nuburebure, mugihe icyuma 1 gihinduka mwigenga.Umwirondoro wumuvuduko wibyuma 2 na 3 bihinduka neza kandi bifite amplitude imwe muburebure bwa cm 10 uhereye kumpera yicyuma.Ibi bivuze ko urujya n'uruza ruhinduka kimwe.Ibi bigaragara neza mubisubizo bya PIV, bigaragazwa neza na IDDES.Hagati aho, ibisubizo bya SST k - ω byerekana itandukaniro, cyane cyane saa yine zijoro.
Ni ngombwa kumenya ko icyuma 1 kigumana imiterere imwe yumwirondoro wihuta mumyanya yose kandi ntigisanzwe muburebure, kubera ko umuzenguruko wakozwe hagati ya mixer urimo icyuma cyambere cyamaboko yose.Na none, ugereranije na IDDES, PIV yihuta yerekana imyirondoro ya 2 na 3 yerekanaga agaciro gahoro gahoro ahantu henshi kugeza igihe bangana na cm 10 hejuru yicyuma.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-26-2023